The genius of concealed carry of handguns is that would-be murderers remain uncertain as to who is armed and who isn’t. You never know if the target is armed with lethal force, and more to the point, how practiced at being alert and prepared they are to resist seriously. Serious-minded preparedness is everything in fighting crime, because crime is not fought by after-the-fact policies, it is fought by during-the-fact authority. Crime is not fought with programs, it may be caught there, but it's not really fought there. This is truth for everyone interested in being as safe as they can be from future violence, because it comes to the realization of specific unalterable realities: you’re on your own.