Controversy has accompanied neonicotinoid pesticides ever since their commercial introduction in the mid-1990s. Discovered by Japanese researchers at a Bayer lab in Tokyo while working on an earlier, 1970s, pesticide created in California, it was released as imidacloprid in the 1990s. Within a decade it, along with clothianidin, also made by Bayer, and thiamethoxam from Syngenta, were accounting for 25 percent of all global insecticide sales.
Protests commenced almost as quickly, however. French apiarists blamed imidacloprid-coated sunflower seeds, introduced in 1994, for their honeybee losses. Five vears later such treated seed was banned in France.